Spatial structure of deciduous forest stands with contrasting human influence in northwest Spain

Five contrasting deciduous forest stands were studied to characterize the spatial structural variability in human-influenced forests. These stands are representative of cultural forest types widely represented in western Europe: one plantation, two coppices, one wood-pasture forest and one high forest stand. All stems with DBH > 5 cm were measured and mapped, and stem DBH distributions, spatial structure of DBH, spatial point patterns and spatial associations were analysed. Spatial autocorrelation for DBH was calculated with Moran’s I correlograms and semivariograms. Complete spatial randomness hypothesis for spatial point patterns, and both independence and random labelling hypotheses for spatial associations were analysed using Ripley’s K function. The results showed that tree sizes were conditioned by particular former management systems, which determined unimodal symmetric, positively skewed or compound DBH distributions. Spatial structure was more complex when human influence became reduced. Coppice stands showed clumped spatial patterns and independence among size classes, as a consequence of sexual and vegetative establishment of new stems in open areas. The largest clumping intensity was observed in the wood-pasture with an intermediate disturbance frequency and low inter-tree competition. The high forest stand displayed spatial traits consistent with the gap-dynamics paradigm, such as clumping of smaller trees, random arrangement of larger trees, negative association between juveniles and adults, and high structural heterogeneity. It can be expected that after cessation of human interference, coppices and wood-pastures would evolve to a more heterogeneous structure, probably with a higher habitat and species diversity.     

宿迁市生态系统健康遥感监测研究

利用1989年和2001年2期TM卫星遥感数据及辅助数据,运用遥感和地理信息系统技术,通过植被指数、土地利用变化、景观格局变化3个方面的监测分析,研究宿迁市生态系统健康状况的变化趋势．结果表明,10年间农田减少,城乡居住地增多,植被指数略有下降,景观格局发展趋势良好,宿迁市生态系统健康有下降趋势．     

安国地区丹参根围AM真菌资源及时空分布研究

2008年7月和10月,分别从河北省安国市4个不同样地(齐村、祈州、沙头、中药材种植基地),按0~10 cm1、0~20 cm和20~30 cm共3个土层采集丹参根围土壤样品,研究了丹参根围AM真菌资源和生态分布。结果表明:丹参与AM真菌可形成良好的A型和I型丛枝菌根,丛枝为花椰菜状和树枝状,泡囊形态多样,菌丝大部分为无隔菌丝,偶见有隔菌丝。共分离AM真菌4属24种,其中球囊霉属(Glomus)16种、无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)5种、盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)2种、内养囊霉属(Entrophospora)1种。聚丛球囊霉(G.ag-gregatum)是4个样地的共同优势种,扭形球囊霉(G.tortuosum)仅出现在齐村,地表球囊霉(G.versiforme)仅出现在中药材种植基地,稀有内养囊霉(E.infrequens)仅出现在沙头,丽孢盾巨孢囊霉(Scu.calospor)和红色盾巨孢囊霉(Scu.erythropa)仅出现在祈州。7月份孢子密度和定殖率显著低于10月份。最大孢子密度和最大定殖率分别出现在10月祈州10~20 cm土层和0~10 cm土层。孢子密度与泡囊定殖率和总定殖率极显著正相关,与菌丝定殖率显著正相关,与丛枝定殖率无相关性。     

负二项式分布及种群格局检验分析

种群格局是种群生态学的重要研究内容之一。该文介绍了随机、均匀和集群3类种群空间格局的基本类型,以及与其相对应的概率分布函数,如正二项式分布、泊松分布和集群分布,重点讨论了在种群格局研究中被广泛应用的负二项式分布的内涵、分布函数的建立和参数的估计,对种群格局检验常用指标及其使用中存在的错误也进行了分析和讨论。      

根系不同分隔方式下油菜和鹰嘴豆对小麦锰营养的影响

通过根系分隔盆栽试验,研究了油菜和鹰嘴豆对小麦生长及锰营养的影响.结果表明:与油菜或鹰嘴豆混作能显著改善小麦生长及锰营养,其地上部干质量和吸收锰量均以根系不分隔处理显著高于根系完全分隔处理,但油菜和鹰嘴豆的生长受小麦抑制,表现为不分隔处理地上部干质量及吸锰量显著低于完全分隔.不施锰小麦/油菜和小麦/鹰嘴豆混作体系中,根系不分隔处理小麦根区土壤DTPA-Mn含量显著高于其他分隔方式,且油菜或鹰嘴豆地上部植株锰含量显著高于相应的混作小麦,在锰胁迫条件下,油菜和鹰嘴豆根系活化的土壤锰可被小麦吸收利用.因此与油菜或鹰嘴豆混作是改善小麦锰营养的有效途径之一.     

栽培方式对“绿旱1号”产量、水分利用效率及生产成本的影响

采用大田随机区组设计研究了栽培方式对“绿旱1号”产量、水分利用效率及生产成本的影响。结果表明：在同期育秧、同期移栽的情况下,地膜覆盖旱栽产量最高,较水栽(CK)增产6.5%,增产达显著水平;直播栽培较育苗移栽生育期缩短15～25d,产量较水栽减产9.2%以上,减产达显著水平;“绿旱1号”进行旱作栽培水分利用率高,节水效果好,其中地膜旱栽的灌溉水生产效率、水分利用率最高,分别是水栽的8.3倍、3.2倍;各处理纯收入由高到低的顺序为手工旱撒播＞手工旱条播＞露地手工栽插＞地膜覆盖＞秸秆覆盖＞手工水栽。因此,在水分缺乏、劳力紧张的地区,“绿旱一号”生产上宜采用旱撒播栽培方式。     

Discussion on Calculation Pattern of Concrete Filled Steel Tube with Dumbbell shaped Section

Based on the structural feature of dumbbell shaped section of concrete filled steel tube (CFST), a combined spatial beam element is presented. In this structure, two steel tubes, two core concretes, one web and the concrete in web cavity are firstly considered as general spatial beam elements, then they are assembled into a spatial combined beam element according to the plane hypothesis and transformation matrix formed from master and slave nodes. A FORTRAN program for CFST arch with dumbbell shaped section has been developed, and the numerical example shows that the steel tubes and core concretes bear mainly the axial forces with small moments, thus, a modified formula for lattice column method to calculate axial forces of the upper and lower limbs of CFST with dumbbell shaped section is deduced. Comparison of the results from the modified formula with those from an example indicates that the modified formula gives relatively accurate results.      

不同化肥施用方式对鄂西南植烟土壤有效氮时空动态的影响

在鄂西南烟区研究了化肥不同施用A-式对植烟土壤有效氮时空动态的影响.结果表明,在不栽烟模式下施肥后40 d左右肥料养分随雨水下渗已经基本损失完毕;在雨水较多年份底层土壤有效氮受表层土壤有效氮下渗补充较高.揭膜可能使土壤有效氮淋溶损失风险增大,同时在一定程度上有提高养分利用的可能性:提前施肥可使肥料养分在整个土体中分布均匀,且可能有效激发土壤有机养分矿化.     

福州市大雾发生的环流形势及其气象要素特征

利用1981年～2005年NCEP再分析资料、常规地面和高空观测资料,统计和分析了福州大雾发生时的天气形势特征。结果表明：福州市的大雾主要发生于12月～次年6月,并集中发生在2～5月的春季;年平均大雾日数无明显的变化周期;850hPa的切变位于南昌和福州之间,气压场呈均压场分布是福州大雾发生的有利形势;大雾发生时,地面处于暖区当中,近地面层大气达到饱和。统计和天气形势分析结果,为大雾天气做了基础研究工作,为实现大雾的客观预报提供依据。     

植物种子萌发的分子调控

综述了突变体和分子生物学方法、转录组和蛋白质组技术在研究植物种子萌发的分子调控中的应用。